In reply to Robert Durran:
Worst movement being dipping your hand in your chalk bag involves internal rotation of the shoulder which has a compressive effect on the joint. With the absence of trauma (or hypermobility), it's highly unlikely that something in the shoulder would move in and out of place.
Nobody could accurately tell you what structures caused you this pain, and it might be that no structures were impacted.
If it's fine the next day, don't worry about it. Keep doing lots of shoulder strengthening for warming up.